Borders over time

The world’s borders, 2000 BCE to 2024

Four thousand years of states and empires across the whole planet, from Egypt’s Middle Kingdom and the cities of Mesopotamia to a world divided almost entirely into nation-states.

every year drawn: 4,024 years
the borders change in 498 of them

Loading 4,024 years of borders…

2000BCE

2000 BCE← → one year · shift for ten · marks show big changes2024

Largest on the map

Indus Valley Civilization, Elam, Middle Kingdom of Egypt, Sumerian City-States

Open 2000 BCE in the full atlas →

The big changes, year by year

400 changes

Every year in which a large state — over 100,000 km² inside this view — appears on the map or vanishes from it. Smaller shifts happen in many more years; press play above to see them all.

1700 BCE
Gone: Indus Valley Civilization
1600 BCE
New: Shang Dynasty
Gone: Middle Kingdom of Egypt
1500 BCE
New: Mitanni, New Kingdom of Egypt
1220 BCE
Gone: Babylonia
1200 BCE
New: Babylonia
1150 BCE
Gone: Hittites, Babylonia
1100 BCE
New: Babylonia
1000 BCE
New: Zhou Dynasty, Kingdom of Kush
Gone: Shang Dynasty
900 BCE
New: Neo-Assyrian Empire
800 BCE
New: Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt
Gone: New Kingdom of Egypt, Babylonia
750 BCE
New: Jin, Chu, Qi, Wu
Gone: Zhou Dynasty
700 BCE
Gone: Twenty-second Dynasty of Egypt, Kingdom of Urartu
675 BCE
Gone: Phrygia
650 BCE
New: Scythia, Babylonia, Assyrian Egypt
630 BCE
Gone: Babylonia
615 BCE
New: Kingdom of Urartu, Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt, Median Kingdom, Babylonia
Gone: Assyrian Egypt
600 BCE
New: Neo-Babylonian Empire
Gone: Neo-Assyrian Empire, Babylonia
550 BCE
New: Achaemenid Empire
Gone: Kingdom of Urartu, Median Kingdom
540 BCE
Gone: Lydia
530 BCE
Gone: Neo-Babylonian Empire
500 BCE
New: Yue
Gone: Twenty-sixth Dynasty of Egypt
450 BCE
New: Odrysian Kingdom
404 BCE
New: Yuezhi, Magadha - Shaishunaga dynasty
Gone: Jin, Magadha - Haryanka dynasty
383 BCE
New: Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
337 BCE
Gone: Odrysian Kingdom, Thirtieth Dynasty of Egypt
333 BCE
New: Minyue, Nanda Empire
Gone: Yue, Magadha - Shaishunaga dynasty
331 BCE
New: Ptolemaic Kingdom
326 BCE
New: Kingdom of Armenia
Gone: Achaemenid Empire
323 BCE
New: Laomedon, Kingdom of Lysimachus, Perdiccas
Gone: Ptolemaic Kingdom
318 BCE
New: Maurya Empire, Seleucid Empire, Kalinga
Gone: Laomedon, Nanda Empire, Perdiccas
315 BCE
Gone: Seleucid Empire
307 BCE
New: Ptolemaic Kingdom, Atropatene, Seleucid Empire
291 BCE
New: Antigonid Dynasty
Gone: Macedonian Empire
281 BCE
Gone: Kingdom of Lysimachus
277 BCE
New: Antigonid Macedonia
272 BCE
New: Cyrenaica
256 BCE
New: Âu Lạc
Gone: Kalinga
247 BCE
New: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Mayan City-States
Gone: Cyrenaica
239 BCE
New: Parthian Empire
225 BCE
New: Satavahana Dynasty
223 BCE
Gone: Chu, Scythia
222 BCE
Gone: Yan
218 BCE
New: Qin Dynasty
Gone: Qi, Qin
210 BCE
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia
208 BCE
New: Yan, Western Chu, Xiongnu, Zhai, Jibei
Gone: Qin Dynasty
206 BCE
New: Linjiang, Nanyue
Gone: Âu Lạc
203 BCE
Gone: Linjiang
202 BCE
New: Han Dynasty
Gone: Western Chu, Han
197 BCE
New: Ankhwennefer, Korean Jin, Kingdom of Numidia
188 BCE
New: Kingdom of Armenia
170 BCE
New: Mahameghavahana Dynasty, Wusun, Shunga Empire
Gone: Satavahana Dynasty, Minyue, Ankhwennefer, Maurya Empire
164 BCE
New: Nabataeans, Satavahana Dynasty
Gone: Mahameghavahana Dynasty, Atropatene
144 BCE
New: Indo-Scythians
Gone: Wusun
126 BCE
New: Minyue, Indo-Greeks
Gone: Greco-Bactrian Kingdom, Kingdom of Pergamon
110 BCE
New: Cyrenaica
Gone: Minyue, Nanyue
91 BCE
Gone: Korean Jin, Cyrenaica
77 BCE
Gone: Indo-Greeks
66 BCE
New: Wusun, Kanva Dynasty
Gone: Minaeans, Shunga Empire
46 BCE
Gone: Kingdom of Numidia
31 BCE
New: Roman Empire
Gone: Roman Republic
27 BCE
Gone: Ptolemaic Kingdom, Kanva Dynasty
1
New: Indo-Parthians
6
New: Xin Dynasty
Gone: Han Dynasty
30
New: Han Dynasty
Gone: Xin Dynasty
43
New: Kushan Empire, Western Satraps, Trưng sisters
Gone: Yuezhi, Mauretania
51
New: Funan, Southern Xiongnu
Gone: Trưng sisters
60
New: Xianbei
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia
68
New: Kingdom of Armenia
84
New: Pyu City-States
91
Gone: Indo-Parthians
106
Gone: Southern Xiongnu
114
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia
117
New: Protectorate of the Western Regions
154
New: Kingdom of Armenia
Gone: Xiongnu
161
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia
165
New: Kingdom of Armenia
197
New: Cao Cao
207
New: Gothia, Eastern Wu
224
New: Shu Han, Cao Wei
Gone: Protectorate of the Western Regions, Cao Cao, Satavahana Dynasty
238
New: Eastern Kushans, Western Kushans
Gone: Xianbei, Han Dynasty, Parthian Empire, Kushan Empire
260
New: Vakataka Kingdom, Indo-Sasanian Empire
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia, Western Kushans
261
New: Gallic Empire, Palmyrene Empire
263
Gone: Shu Han
265
New: Western Jin
Gone: Cao Wei
270
New: Lakhmid Kingdom
Gone: Palmyrene Empire
283
Gone: Eastern Wu, Indo-Scythians, Gallic Empire
287
New: Kingdom of Armenia, Tuyuhun
306
New: Yaudheya Republic, Cheng Han, Former Zhao, Protectorate of the Western Regions
324
New: Former Liang, Gupta Empire
337
New: Former Yan, Later Zhao
Gone: Former Zhao
347
New: Alodia, Nobatia
Gone: Kingdom of Kush, Cheng Han, Eastern Kushans
353
New: Kadamba Empire, Kalabhra Dynasty, Former Qin, Kamarupa Kingdom
Gone: Later Zhao
358
New: Kidarites
Gone: Indo-Sasanian Empire
371
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia, Former Yan
378
Gone: Former Liang, Yaudheya Republic
383
Gone: Gothia
387
New: Western Qin, Northern Wei, Western Yan, Kingdom of Armenia, Later Liang, Later Yan, Later Qin, Xionites
394
Gone: Western Yan, Former Qin
395
New: Eastern Roman Empire, Western Roman Empire
Gone: Roman Empire
396
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia
397
New: Northern Liang
402
New: Kingdom of Armenia, Southern Yan, Rouran Khaganate
Gone: Xionites, Western Qin
410
New: Western Qin, White Huns
Gone: Western Satraps, Southern Yan
414
New: Alans
417
Gone: Later Qin
426
New: Hunnic Empire, Liu Song Dynasty
Gone: Western Jin, Huns
439
New: Brythons
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia, Xia, Western Qin, Alans
441
Gone: Northern Liang
451
New: Kingdom of Armenia
Gone: Kidarites
455
New: Ostrogoths
462
New: Kingdom of Alamannia
469
Gone: Hunnic Empire
476
New: Maitraka Dynasty, Kingdom of Soissons
Gone: Western Roman Empire
480
New: Southern Qi
Gone: Liu Song Dynasty
490
Gone: Kingdom of Armenia, Kingdom of Soissons
500
New: Ostrogothic Kingdom, Scandinavian minor kingdoms
Gone: Kingdom of Alamannia, Ostrogoths
510
New: Liang Dynasty, Ghassanids, Kingdom of the Gepids
Gone: Salian Franks, Southern Qi
534
New: Eastern Wei, Western Wei
Gone: Himyarite Kingdom, Burgundian Kingdom, Vandal Kingdom, Northern Wei
540
New: Asuka Japan
555
New: Yenisei Kyrgyz, Northern Qi, Chalukya Dynasty, Chenla, Maukhari Dynasty, Göktürk Khaganate
Gone: Kadamba Empire, Gupta Empire, Eastern Wei, Vakataka Kingdom, Rouran Khaganate
561
New: Avar Khaganate, Turk Shahis, Chen Dynasty, Northern Zhou
Gone: Liang Dynasty, White Huns, Western Wei
567
Gone: Kingdom of the Gepids
577
New: Himyarite Kingdom
Gone: Northern Qi
587
New: Kingdom of Italy, Eastern Göktürks, Sui Dynasty, Western Göktürks
Gone: Göktürk Khaganate, Northern Zhou
592
New: Karkota Dynasty
Gone: Chen Dynasty
602
New: Burgundian Kingdom
Gone: Lakhmid Kingdom, Himyarite Kingdom, Protectorate of the Western Regions
612
New: Harsha's Empire
Gone: Maukhari Dynasty
617
Gone: Ghassanids, Burgundian Kingdom
623
New: Tibetan Empire, Tang Dynasty, Samo's Empire
628
Gone: Sui Dynasty
629
New: Ghassanids, Lakhmid Kingdom
630
New: Khazaria
633
New: Rashidun Caliphate, Byzantine Empire, Old Great Bulgaria
Gone: Eastern Roman Empire, Eastern Göktürks
634
Gone: Lakhmid Kingdom, Ghassanids
638
New: Lavo Kingdom
641
Gone: Funan
644
New: Burgundian Kingdom
Gone: Sasanian Empire
656
New: Umayyad Caliphate
Gone: Harsha's Empire, Nobatia
661
New: Haripuñjaya, Aquitaine
Gone: Kingdom of the Franks, Western Göktürks, Samo's Empire, Burgundian Kingdom
666
New: Turks, Kingdom of the Franks
Gone: Tuyuhun, Rashidun Caliphate
674
Gone: Goguryeo
682
New: Unified Silla, First Bulgarian Empire
692
New: Türgesh
705
New: Balhae
710
New: Nara Japan
Gone: Asuka Japan
718
New: Water Chenla, Land Chenla
Gone: Turks, Chenla
724
New: Kingdom of Neustria
732
New: Kannauj-Varman Dynasty, Gurjara-Pratihara Dynasty
Gone: Kingdom of Neustria, Aquitaine, Maitraka Dynasty
750
New: Oghuz Turks, Pala Empire, Uyghur Khaganate, Abbasid Caliphate, Aquitaine, Kimek-Kipchak confederation, Fihrids, Turks
Gone: Türgesh
751
New: Kharijites
755
New: Rashtrakuta Dynasty
Gone: Kharijites
757
New: Kharijites, Emirate of Córdoba
Gone: Turks, Fihrids, Chalukya Dynasty, Umayyad Caliphate
763
Gone: Yenisei Kyrgyz, Kharijites
768
Gone: Aquitaine
772
Gone: Kannauj-Varman Dynasty
775
Gone: Kingdom of Italy
778
New: Rustamid dynasty
788
Gone: Bavarians
793
New: Yenisei Kyrgyz, Qarlugs, Idrisids, Ghana Empire, Heian Japan
Gone: Nara Japan
800
New: Aghlabid Dynasty
806
Gone: Late Pallava Empire, Water Chenla, Land Chenla, Avar Khaganate
825
New: Shirvan
840
New: Magyars
Gone: Shirvan
850
New: Kara-Khanids, Middle Franks, West Franks, East Franks, Later Mayan City-States, Tibetans
Gone: Qarlugs, Kingdom of the Franks, Uyghur Khaganate, Mayan City-States, Tibetan Empire
860
New: Lower Burgundy, Ganzhou Kingdom, Qocho Kingdom, Sind-Habbari Dynasty
Gone: Middle Franks, Karkota Dynasty
866
New: Ziyadid dynasty, Old Kingdom of Norway
870
Gone: Lower Burgundy
875
New: Tulunids
Gone: Turk Shahis
880
New: Rus'
882
New: Kievan Rus'
Gone: Rus', East Franks
886
New: Samanid Empire
887
New: Kingdom of Italy, East Franks
888
New: Aquitaine, Kingdom of Khotan
896
Gone: Aquitaine, Kingdom of Italy
898
New: Duchy of Spoleto
899
New: Middle Franks
Gone: Duchy of Spoleto
900
New: Principality of Hungary, Kingdom of Lower Burgundy
Gone: Middle Franks, Saffarid Dynasty, Kingdom of Italy
911
New: Min, Southern Han, Fatimid Caliphate, Liao Dynasty, Former Shu, Later Liang Dynasty, Kingdom of Germany, Wuyue and 3 more
Gone: Aghlabid Dynasty, Magyars, East Franks, Rustamid dynasty, Kingdom of Lower Burgundy, Tang Dynasty, Tulunids, Nanzhao
922
New: Former Jin, Upper Burgundy and Italy
Gone: Kingdom of Italy, Idrisids
926
New: Idrisids, Later Tang, Kingdom of Lower Burgundy
Gone: Former Shu, Later Liang Dynasty, Former Jin, Upper Burgundy and Italy, Balhae
936
New: Later Jin, Caliphate of Córdoba, Icelandic Commonwealth, Kingdom of England, Kingdom of Arles, Kingdom of Italy, Hamdanid Emirates, Later Shu and 1 more
Gone: Emirate of Córdoba, Idrisids, Later Tang, Kingdom of Lower Burgundy
947
New: Kingdom of Dali, Abbasid Caliphate/Buyid Dynasty, Later Han, Chaulukya Dynasty, Idrisids
Gone: Min, Later Jin, Buyid Dynasty
960
New: Southern Tang, Later Zhou, Utpala Dynasty
Gone: Southern Wu, Later Han, Southern Chu
961
New: Northern Song
Gone: Later Zhou
962
New: Ghaznavid Empire, Kingdom of Poland, Holy Roman Empire
Gone: Kingdom of Germany
970
New: Buyid Dynasty
Gone: Kingdom of Italy, Abbasid Caliphate, Abbasid Caliphate/Buyid Dynasty, Later Shu
980
New: Western Chalukya Empire, Paramara Dynasty, Chauhan Dynasty
Gone: Wuyue, Khazaria, Idrisids, Southern Han, Southern Tang
990
New: Western Xia, Seljuk Dynasty, Duchy of Aquitaine
Gone: West Franks
1000
New: Kingdom of Hungary
Gone: Samanid Empire, Principality of Hungary
1003
New: Lohara Dynasty
Gone: Utpala Dynasty
1010
New: Taifa of Badajoz
Gone: Kingdom of Khotan
1018
New: North Sea Empire, Hammadid Dynasty
Gone: Kingdom of Denmark, First Bulgarian Empire
1028
Gone: Lavo Kingdom
1034
Gone: Kingdom of León
1040
New: Kingdom of León, Denmark-England, Great Seljuk Empire
Gone: Ganzhou Kingdom, North Sea Empire, Seljuk Dynasty
1046
New: Eastern Kara-Khanids, Norway-Denmark, Kingdom of England, Western Karakhanid Khanate
Gone: Old Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of León, Kara-Khanids, Denmark-England
1056
New: Zirid dynasty, Halych-Volhynia occupation, Principality of Kiev, Almoravid Dynasty, Principality of Rostov-Suzdal, Principality of Chernigov, Lavo Kingdom, Old Kingdom of Norway and 4 more
Gone: Norway-Denmark, Oghuz Turks, Buyid Dynasty
1066
New: Najahid Dynasty
Gone: Ziyadid dynasty
1072
New: Sena Dynasty, Norman England, Ziyadid dynasty
Gone: Kingdom of England
1085
New: Gahadavala Dynasty
Gone: Western Karakhanid Khanate
1094
New: Sultanate of Rum, Khwarezmid Dynasty
1111
New: Hoysala Kingdom
Gone: Principality of Polotsky
1126
New: Kara-Khitans, Great Jin, Kingdom of León
Gone: Liao Dynasty, Kingdom of Castile
1139
New: Duchy of Silesia, Southern Song, Zengid dynasty, Kingdom of Castile, Almohad Caliphate
Gone: Duchy of Aquitaine, Eastern Kara-Khanids, Kingdom of León, Qocho Kingdom, Kingdom of Poland, Kamarupa Kingdom, Northern Song
1147
New: Principality of Halych
Gone: Khwarezmid Dynasty, Duchy of Silesia
1152
New: Khwarezmid Dynasty, Ghurid Dynasty
1169
New: Nabhani Dynasty, Kingdom of León
Gone: Norman England, Najahid Dynasty
1177
New: Ayyubid Sultanate, Kakatiya Dynasty
Gone: Nabhani Dynasty
1188
New: Second Bulgarian Empire, Kamakura Shogunate, Yadava Dynasty
Gone: Lavo Kingdom, Heian Japan, Principality of Halych, Western Chalukya Empire, Ghaznavid Empire
1192
New: Principality of Halych
Gone: Zengid dynasty
1202
New: Principality of Galicia-Volhynia, Zengid dynasty, Abbasid Caliphate, Sosso Empire, Khwarezmid Empire
Gone: Khwarezmid Dynasty, Principality of Halych, Ghana Empire, Sind-Habbari Dynasty, Gahadavala Dynasty, Great Seljuk Empire, Chauhan Dynasty
1206
New: Mongol Empire
Gone: Chámpa, Byzantine Empire
1210
New: Mamluk Dynasty, Kingdom of England
Gone: Ghurid Dynasty, Angevin Empire
1220
New: Chámpa
Gone: Yenisei Kyrgyz, Kara-Khitans
1227
Gone: Western Xia
1236
New: Rasulid Dynasty, Mali Empire, Hafsid Dynasty, Zayyanid dynasty, Crown of Castile
Gone: Kievan Rus', Sena Dynasty, Sosso Empire, Khwarezmid Empire, Paramara Dynasty, Kingdom of León, Great Jin, Kimek-Kipchak confederation and 2 more
1241
New: Mamluk Sultanate, Sukhothai Kingdom
Gone: Principality of Smolensk, Halych-Volhynia occupation, Principality of Galicia-Volhynia, Principality of Chernigov, Principality of Rostov-Suzdal, Novgorod Republic
1250
New: Marinid Sultanate
Gone: Almohad Caliphate, Chaulukya Dynasty, Tibetans, Ayyubid Sultanate
1260
New: Almohad Caliphate, Holy Roman Empire Minor States
Gone: Goryeo, Abbasid Caliphate, Zengid dynasty, Kingdom of Dali, Holy Roman Empire, Sultanate of Rum, Lohara Dynasty, Marinid Sultanate
1272
New: Ethiopian Empire
Gone: Icelandic Commonwealth
1279
New: Byzantine Empire
Gone: Makuria, Nicaean Empire, Southern Song
1285
New: Ifat Sultanate, Novgorod Republic
1294
New: Malaya, Principality of Smolensk, Yuan Dynasty, Khalji Dynasty, Majapahit, Principality of Vladimir-Suzdal, Makuria, Shan States and 6 more
Gone: Pagan Kingdom, Mamluk Dynasty, Srivijaya, Mongol Empire
1305
New: Kingdom of Poland
1314
New: Kingdom of Pinya
Gone: Myinsaing Kingdom
1326
New: Tughlaq Dynasty
Gone: Pandya Empire, Kakatiya Dynasty, Yadava Dynasty, Khalji Dynasty
1333
New: Kenmu Restoration, Kingdom of Georgia
Gone: Kamakura Shogunate
1344
New: Kartids, Sarbadars, Kashmiri Sultanate, Chobanids, Marinid Sultanate, Sind-Samma Dynasty, Ashikaga Shogunate, Vijayanagara Empire and 2 more
Gone: Zayyanid dynasty, Almohad Caliphate, Kenmu Restoration, Kashmir, Ilkhanate
1352
New: Serbian Empire, Bahmani Sultanate
Gone: Kingdom of Serbia, Hafsid Dynasty, Hoysala Kingdom, Eastern Ganga Kingdom, Malaya
1363
New: Principality of Moldavia, Zayyanid dynasty, Hafsid Dynasty, Goryeo, Tibet, White Horde, Blue Horde, Lan Xang
Gone: Chobanids, Golden Horde
1375
New: Ava Kingdom, Ming Dynasty, Northern Yuan, Timurid Empire, Qara Qoyunlu
Gone: Yuan Dynasty
1385
New: Golden Horde
Gone: White Horde, Kartids
1395
New: Joseon, Jaunpur Sultanate
Gone: Muzaffarids, Goryeo, Sarbadars
1402
New: Four Oirats, Kalmar Union
Gone: Kingdom of Sweden, Old Kingdom of Norway, Jalayirid Sultanate, Qara Qoyunlu
1407
Gone: Ngô Dynasty
1415
New: Hashemite Arab Federation, Adal Sultanate, Makuria Kingdom
Gone: Makuria, Ifat Sultanate
1422
New: Livonian Conference
1429
New: Lê Dynasty, Khanate of Sibir
1440
New: Kingdom of Kongo, Khanate of Kazan
Gone: Hashemite Arab Federation, Northern Yuan
1450
New: Crimean Khanate, Nogai Horde, House of Jagiellon, House of Oldenburg
Gone: Kingdom of Poland, Kingdom of Hungary, Grand Duchy of Lithuania
1453
New: Lodi Dynasty
Gone: Kingdom of Bohemia
1459
New: Tahirid Sultanate, Kingdom of Hungary, Kingdom of Bohemia
Gone: House of Oldenburg, Rasulid Dynasty
1463
New: Moghulistan, Songhai Empire, Kingdom of Kartli, East Turkestan
Gone: Kingdom of Georgia, Chagatai Khanate
1468
New: Astrakhan Khanate, Kazakh Khanate, Warring States Japan, Mongol Khanate, Wattasid dynasty
Gone: Ashikaga Shogunate, Qara Qoyunlu, Kingdom of Kartli, Marinid Sultanate, Beylik of Karaman
1475
New: Kapisa
Gone: East Turkestan, Four Oirats
1482
Gone: Duchy of Burgundy, Jaunpur Sultanate, Novgorod Republic
1492
New: Bijapur Sultanate, Eastern Chagatai Khanate
Gone: Bahmani Sultanate
1497
New: Shaybanids
1502
New: Portuguese Empire, Safavid Dynasty, Kingdom of Sweden
Gone: Golden Horde
1507
New: Funj Sultanate
Gone: Kapisa, Alodia
1512
Gone: Eastern Chagatai Khanate, Shaybanids, Aq Qoyunlu
1516
New: Spanish Empire, Kingdom of Spain, Khanate of Bukhara, Habsburg Monarchy
Gone: Crown of Aragon, Tahirid Sultanate, House of Habsburg, Crown of Castile
1519
New: Eastern Moghulistan, Western Moghulistan
Gone: Moghulistan, Spanish Empire, Makuria Kingdom, Mamluk Sultanate
1521
New: Sultanate of Maguindanao, Spanish Empire
Gone: Kingdom of Sweden, Aztec Triple Alliance
1526
New: Denmark-Norway, Kingdom of Sweden
Gone: Sind-Samma Dynasty, Kalmar Union
1529
New: Mughal Empire, Đại Việt, Sultanate of Johor
Gone: Lê Dynasty, Lodi Dynasty, Kingdom of Bohemia, Ava Kingdom, Timurid Empire
1534
New: Lê Dynasty, Hussain Shahi Dynasty
Gone: Sultanate of Bengal
1540
New: Sur Empire
Gone: Hussain Shahi Dynasty
1547
New: Tümed, Tsardom of Russia, Golden Horde
Gone: Grand Principality of Moscow, Kingdom of Hungary, Later Mayan City-States, Adal Sultanate
1552
Gone: Khanate of Kazan
1556
New: Saadi Sultanate
Gone: Astrakhan Khanate, Wattasid dynasty, Zayyanid dynasty
1564
New: Small Horde
Gone: Nogai Horde, Livonian Conference, Shan States
1572
New: Principality of Transylvania, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
Gone: Lê Dynasty, House of Jagiellon, Eastern Hungarian Kingdom, Ayutthaya Kingdom, Vijayanagara Empire
1579
Gone: Lan Xang
1582
New: Iberian Union, Khoshut Khanate
Gone: Kingdom of Portugal, Portuguese Empire, Kingdom of Spain
1588
New: Ayutthaya Kingdom, Lan Xang, Gorkha Kingdom
Gone: Khanate of Sibir, Kashmiri Sultanate
1595
New: Jesuit Reducciones, Nalyvaiko Uprising
Gone: Songhai Empire
1600
New: Tokugawa Shogunate
Gone: Principality of Transylvania, Nalyvaiko Uprising
1602
New: Principality of Transylvania
Gone: Warring States Japan
1609
New: Sultanate of Darfur, Dzungar Khanate
Gone: Sultanate of Maguindanao
1612
New: Swedish Empire
Gone: Kingdom of Sweden, Mali Empire
1619
New: Holy Roman Empire, Oirat Confederation
Gone: Dzungar Khanate
1622
Gone: Holy Roman Empire
1636
New: Qasimids, Wadai Empire
Gone: Mongol Khanate, Western Moghulistan
1640
New: Portuguese Empire, Kingdom of Portugal, Portuguese Colonies, Kingdom of Spain
Gone: Iberian Union
1642
New: Astrakhan Khanate
Gone: Don Cossacks
1645
New: Southern Ming, Commonwealth of England, Qing Dynasty
Gone: Later Jin Dynasty, Ming Dynasty, Li Zicheng
1659
Gone: Southern Ming
1662
New: Zaporozhian Cossacks, Kingdom of England
Gone: Commonwealth of England
1670
New: Morocco
Gone: Saadi Sultanate, Kingdom of Kongo
1677
New: Dzungar Khanate
Gone: Oirat Confederation
1683
Gone: Southern Ming
1687
Gone: Eastern Moghulistan, Golconda Sultanate
1696
Gone: Golden Horde, Khoshut Khanate, Principality of Transylvania
1700
Gone: Tümed
1702
New: Kingdom of Prussia, Pro-Habsburg Spain
1706
New: Regency of Algiers, Pro-Swedish Poland
1709
New: Kingdom of Great Britain, Vientiane, Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, Kingdom of Lunda, British Colonial Empire
Gone: Kingdom of England, Lan Xang, Pro-Habsburg Spain
1713
Gone: English Colonial Empire, Pro-Swedish Poland
1718
New: Nawabs of Bengal
Gone: Brandenburg-Prussia
1721
New: Russian Empire
Gone: Tsardom of Russia
1727
New: Nawab of Awadh, Hyderabad State
Gone: Safavid Dynasty
1734
New: Afsharid Iran
1738
Gone: Hotaki Dynasty
1741
New: Konbaung Dynasty
1744
New: Sultanate of Oman
1748
New: Zand Dynasty
1757
Gone: Afsharid Iran, First Toungoo Empire, Dzungar Khanate
1762
New: British Empire
Gone: Nawabs of Bengal
1769
New: Thonburi Kingdom
Gone: Ayutthaya Kingdom, Astrakhan Khanate, Jesuit Reducciones
1772
Gone: Kalmyk Khanate
1776
New: United States of America
1783
New: Rattanakosin Kingdom
Gone: Crimean Khanate, Thonburi Kingdom
1788
New: Emirate of Bukhara, Qajar Dynasty
Gone: Khanate of Bukhara, Trịnh lords
1792
New: French First Republic
Gone: Kingdom of France
1794
Gone: Tibet, Zand Dynasty, Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth
1796
New: British Cape Colony, Batavian Republic, French Directory
Gone: Dutch Cape Colony, French First Republic, Dutch Republic
1799
Gone: Hyderabad State
1800
New: Dutch East Indies, French Consulate
Gone: French Directory
1803
New: Napoleonic Batavia Republic
Gone: Qasimids, Nawab of Awadh, Carnatic Sultanate, Tây Sơn dynasty
1805
New: Sokoto Caliphate, First French Empire
Gone: French Consulate, French Louisiana
1806
New: Austrian Empire
Gone: Habsburg Monarchy, Napoleonic Batavia Republic
1809
New: Duchy of Warsaw, Confederation of the Rhine
1811
New: New Granada, Muhammad Ali dynasty, Republic of Venezuela, Mexicans, Paraguay, Río de la Plata
1812
New: Guayaquil Junta, Republic of Chile
Gone: Republic of Venezuela
1814
New: Cundinamarca, Federal League, Republic of Venezuela, Kingdom of Norway
Gone: Guayaquil Junta, Duchy of Warsaw
1815
New: Bourbon Kingdom of France, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway, German Confederation
Gone: Republic of Chile, Cundinamarca, First French Empire, Swedish Empire, Confederation of the Rhine, Republic of Venezuela, Kingdom of Norway
1820
New: Talpur Dynasty, Burma, Republic of Chile, Riau-Lingga Sultanate, Netherlands Antilles
Gone: Federal League, Mexicans, Emirate of Diriyah, Konbaung Dynasty
1822
New: Empire of Brazil, Gran Colombia, First Mexican Empire, Republic of Peru
Gone: New Granada, Funj Sultanate
1824
New: United Provinces of Central America, Federated Republic of Mexico
Gone: First Mexican Empire
1825
New: Bolivia
1828
New: Emirate of Afghanistan, Oriental Republic of Uruguay
Gone: Durrani Empire, Vientiane
1830
New: Poles
1834
New: Venezuela, Republic of New Granada, Republic of Ecuador, Argentine Confederation
Gone: Poles, Gran Colombia, Río de la Plata
1836
New: Peru-Bolivian Confederation, Centralist Mexico, Riograndense Republic, Republic of Texas
Gone: Bolivia, Republic of Peru
1840
New: Durrani Dynasty, Honduras, Republic of the Rio Grande, Bolivia, Republic of Peru, Ottoman Tripolitania, Republic of Nicaragua
Gone: United Provinces of Central America, Peru-Bolivian Confederation, Emirate of Afghanistan
1842
Gone: Republic of the Rio Grande
1846
New: Emirate of Afghanistan, Kashmir and Jammu
Gone: Republic of Texas, Riograndense Republic, Emirate of Jabal Shammar, Durrani Dynasty, Regency of Algiers, Centralist Mexico
1848
New: Republic of Liberia, French Second Republic
Gone: Bourbon Kingdom of France, French Algeria, Kazakh Khanate
1849
New: Hungarian Nationalists
Gone: Sikh Empire
1853
New: Republic of Baja California, Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, State of Buenos Aires, Second French Empire
Gone: Hungarian Nationalists, French Second Republic
1856
New: Free Orange State, South African Republic, Panthay Rebellion
Gone: Republic of Nicaragua, Omani Slave Coast
1857
New: Republic of Nicaragua
Gone: Mughal Empire, Riau-Lingga Sultanate, Republic of Baja California
1859
New: United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia, British Raj, Granadine Confederation
Gone: Republic of New Granada, British Empire
1861
New: Confederate States of America
Gone: State of Buenos Aires
1862
New: Kingdom of Italy
Gone: Massina Empire, Kingdom of Sardinia
1863
New: United States of Colombia
Gone: Granadine Confederation
1864
New: Mexican Monarchists
1865
New: Second Mexican Empire
Gone: Taiping Heavenly Kingdom, Mexican Monarchists, Federated Republic of Mexico
1866
New: Khedivate of Egypt, Republic of Colombia
Gone: Confederate States of America, Muhammad Ali dynasty, United States of Colombia
1868
New: Austria-Hungary, North German Confederation, Mexico
Gone: Emirate of Bukhara, Khmer Empire, German Confederation, Second Mexican Empire, Austrian Empire
1870
Gone: Tokugawa Shogunate
1871
New: French Third Republic, German Empire
Gone: Second French Empire, North German Confederation
1873
New: First Spanish Republic
Gone: Kingdom of Spain, Spanish Empire, Khanate of Khiva, Panthay Rebellion
1877
New: Paraguay, Kingdom of Spain
Gone: South African Republic, Sultanate of Darfur, First Spanish Republic
1880
New: Sultanate of Hobyo
1885
New: South African Republic, British Africa, German Africa
Gone: Burma, Kashmir and Jammu, Nguyễn dynasty, Khedivate of Egypt, British Cape Colony
1890
New: Italian Africa, Brazilian Republic, Belgian Congo, Mahdist State
Gone: Empire of Brazil, Kingdom of Lunda
1895
Gone: Emirate of Nejd, Bornu Empire, Kingdom of Luang Phrabang, Sultanate of Hobyo
1898
New: Korean Empire
Gone: Ashanti Empire, Joseon, Merina Kingdom
1900
New: Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
Gone: South African Republic, Free Orange State, Mahdist State, Sultanate of Oman
1905
New: Commonwealth of Australia, Kingdom of Sweden, Republic of Cuba, Kingdom of Norway, Emirate of Nejd
Gone: Sokoto Caliphate, United Kingdoms of Sweden and Norway
1908
Gone: Republic of Cuba
1911
New: Portuguese Republic, Republic of Cuba
Gone: Wadai Empire, Kingdom of Portugal, Korean Empire
1912
New: Republic of Uryankhay, Republic of China, Great Mongol State, Tibet
Gone: Morocco, Ottoman Tripolitania, Qing Dynasty
1913
New: Imamate of Oman
Gone: Mexico
1914
Gone: Republic of Uryankhay
1916
New: Empire of China
Gone: Republic of China
1917
New: Russian Republic, Kuomintang
Gone: Empire of China, Russian Empire, United Principalities of Moldavia and Wallachia
1918
New: Republic of Finland, Khanate of Khiva, Kingdom of Iceland, Emirate of Bukhara
1919
New: Czechoslovakia, Hungarian Republic, Kingdom of Romania, North Yemen, Ukrainian People's Republic, Yugoslavia, Second Polish Republic
Gone: Austria-Hungary
1920
New: Weimar Republic, Mexico, Republics of the Soviet Union, French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon
Gone: Great Mongol State, Khanate of Khiva, Ukrainian People's Republic, German Empire, Emirate of Bukhara, Imamate of Oman, Russian Republic
1922
New: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Great Mongol State, Kingdom of Egypt, Provisional Priamurye Government
Gone: Emirate of Jabal Shammar, Republics of the Soviet Union
1924
New: Republic of Turkey, Pahlavi Dynasty
Gone: Qajar Dynasty, Ottoman Empire, Provisional Priamurye Government
1926
New: Kingdom of Afghanistan, Mongolian People's Republic, Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd, Estado Novo
Gone: Portuguese Republic, Kingdom of Hejaz, Great Mongol State, Emirate of Afghanistan, Emirate of Nejd
1930
New: Argentine Republic, Republic of China, Anti-Kuomintang Coalition
Gone: Argentine Confederation, Kuomintang
1932
New: South Africa, Canada, Kingdom of Thailand, Kingdom of Iraq, Second Spanish Republic, Unitary State of Brazil, Communist Party of China
Gone: Kingdom of Spain, Brazilian Republic, Rattanakosin Kingdom, Anti-Kuomintang Coalition
1936
New: Kingdom of Saudi Arabia, Spanish Nationalists, Nazi Germany
Gone: Ethiopian Empire, Weimar Republic, Kingdom of Hejaz and Nejd
1939
New: Francoist Spain
Gone: Spanish Nationalists, Second Spanish Republic
1940
New: Free French, Vichy France
Gone: Second Polish Republic, Kingdom of Iceland, French Third Republic
1941
Gone: Kingdom of Norway, Yugoslavia, Greenland, First Hellenic Republic
1942
New: Ethiopia
1943
Gone: Dutch East Indies, Kingdom of Iraq
1944
Gone: Kingdom of Italy, Hungarian Republic, Italian Africa
1945
New: Yugoslavia, Kingdom of Italy, Kingdom of Norway, Kingdom of Greece, French Fourth Republic, East Turkestan Republic
Gone: Kingdom of Romania, Nazi Germany, Principality of Bulgaria
1946
New: Kingdom of Sarawak, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Republic of Italy, Republic of Indonesia, Papua New Guinea, Dutch East Indies, Republic of Iceland, Brazilian Republic and 1 more
Gone: Yugoslavia, Kingdom of Italy, Empire of Japan, Unitary State of Brazil, French Mandate for Syria and Lebanon
1947
New: Kingdom of Iraq, Kingdom of Bulgaria, Republic of India, Republic of the Philippines, Kashmir and Jammu, Islamic Republic of Pakistan, Qatar Protectorate, Kingdom of Romania and 2 more
Gone: Kingdom of Sarawak, Sultanate of Muscat and Oman
1948
New: New Zealand, People's Republic of Bulgaria, Democratic People's Republic of Korea, Republic of Korea, Socialist Republic of Romania, Burma
Gone: Kingdom of Bulgaria, British Raj, Kashmir and Jammu, Kingdom of Romania, Hyderabad State
1949
New: German Democratic Republic
1950
New: People's Republic of China, Federal Republic of Germany
Gone: Dutch East Indies, Communist Party of China, East Turkestan Republic
1953
New: Republic of Poland, Japan, Republic of Egypt, Kingdom of Libya
Gone: Kingdom of Egypt, Tibet
1956
New: Republic of Vietnam, Kingdom of Laos, Republic of Tunisia, Kingdom of Cambodia, Morocco, Democratic Republic of Vietnam, Republic of Sudan
Gone: Qatar Protectorate
1958
New: Ghana, United Arab Republic, Arab Federation, French Fifth Republic, Federation of Malaya
Gone: Kingdom of Jordan, Republic of Egypt, Second Syrian Republic, French Africa, Kingdom of Iraq, French Fourth Republic
1960
New: Madagascar, Mali Federation, Guinea, Federal Republic of Somalia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Iraqi Republic, Kingdom of Jordan, Communist Cuba and 1 more
Gone: Arab Federation, Republic of Cuba
1961
New: Republic of the Congo, Gabon, Republic of Syria, Tanzania, British East Africa, Central African Republic, Republic of Côte d'Ivoire, Republic of Senegal and 6 more
Gone: British Africa, British Gold Coast
1963
New: Republic of Kenya, People's Democratic Republic of Algeria, Ba'athist Syria, Malaysia, Republic of Uganda
Gone: Republic of Syria, Federation of Malaya
1967
New: Federated Republic of Brazil, Guyana, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, Zambia, Rhodesia, Greek junta, Republic of Botswana
Gone: Republic of Vietnam, Brazilian Republic, Ba'athist Syria, Kingdom of Greece
1969
New: Libyan Arab Republic, People's Democratic Republic of Yemen
Gone: Czechoslovakia, British East Africa, Kingdom of Libya
1973
New: Arab Republic of Egypt, Syria, Republic of Afghanistan, Sultanate of Oman, People's Republic of Bangladesh, Republic of Vietnam, Zaire
Gone: Democratic Republic of the Congo, Kingdom of Afghanistan, Arab Socialist Ba'ath Party, United Arab Republic
1976
New: Socialist Republic of Vietnam, Third Hellenic Republic, People's Republic of Angola, Mozambique, Kingdom of Spain, Khmer Rouge, Republic of Suriname, Communist Laos
Gone: Estado Novo, Francoist Spain, Kingdom of Cambodia, Greek junta, Kingdom of Laos, Republic of Vietnam, Democratic Republic of Vietnam
1979
New: People's Republic of Kampuchea, Zimbabwe Rhodesia, Islamic Republic of Iran, Afghanistan
Gone: Pahlavi Dynasty, Khmer Rouge, Rhodesia, Republic of Afghanistan
1983
New: Republic of Zimbabwe
Gone: Zimbabwe Rhodesia
1987
New: Mujahideen, Republic of Brazil
Gone: Federated Republic of Brazil, Afghanistan
1990
New: Romania, Republic of Yemen, Namibia, Union of Myanmar
Gone: People's Democratic Republic of Yemen, North Yemen, Burma, Socialist Republic of Romania
1991
New: Federated Republic of Germany, Republic of Bulgaria, Czechoslovakia
Gone: Federal Republic of Germany, German Democratic Republic, People's Republic of Bulgaria
1992
New: Republic of Tajikistan, Kazakhstan, Serbia-Montenegro, Mongolia, Republic of Belarus, Kyrgyzstan, State of Eritrea, Republic of Uzbekistan and 3 more
Gone: Union of Soviet Socialist Republics, Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia, Mongolian People's Republic, Czechoslovakia
1996
New: Taliban, Kingdom of Cambodia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Afghanistan
Gone: Mujahideen, Zaire, People's Republic of Kampuchea
2006
Gone: Taliban, Iraqi Republic
2014
New: State of Libya, South Sudan, Republic of Iraq
Gone: Libyan Arab Republic
2024
Gone: Netherlands Antilles

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Borders from Cliopatria by the Seshat Global History Databank, licensed CC BY 4.0; simplified, clipped to this view and coloured by empire here. Each shape records the years it applies to, so every year has its own map; pre-modern borders are approximate. Areas are measured on the sphere. The full atlas uses a different source and may differ in places.